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Which of the following statements about the impact of European settlers on the heath hen is supported by the passage?
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Academics have been reconsidering the meaning of "wilderness" and its usefulness to conservation strategies. The idea of pristine wilderness is historically inaccurate, argue scholars of Native American history, who have demonstrated that Native Americans shaped their environments with their agricultural practices and residential patterns. Other scholars argue that wilderness is simply a cultural construct created in opposition to modem society, not a real place untouched by humans. Scientists, in turn, have argued that the goal of wilderness preservation is based on a model in which ecosystems progress toward a stable equilibrium state, a model replaced in the 1970s with one stressing constant change. These insights complicate wilderness management, which critics charge aims to preserve a supposedly stable environment that existed prior to human disturbance.
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
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The author suggests that the model "stressing constant change" is significant because it
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African American soul music's commercial influence gradually declined during the early 1970s as newer styles such as funk and disco began to dominate the airwaves and other, larger changes occurred within the American music industry. After the Second World War, African American popular music had largely been the province of independent record labels. By the 1970s, though, these labels were either going out of business or, to an increasing degree, coming under the control of major corporations. This shift had dire consequences for the production of soul music, whereas independent labels had achieved success through a skillful balance of commercial and artistic considerations, the emphasis now became fixed upon marketing a product, resulting in the more individualized voices in African American popular music being quelled.
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According to the passage, which of the following is true about the independent record labels?
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The passage suggests which of the following about “the more individualized voices”?
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Since Earth is the only habitable planet known to humankind, the orbital and physical characteristics of Earth are used to define a habitable planet. In other words, habitability is the characteristic of an environment which has similar properties as those of Earth, and the capability of developing and sustaining Earthly life.
The statement above implies that the fact that the only habitable planet we know is Earth has strongly biased our understanding of the conditions required for life. From the astronomers' point of view, and owing to the essential role that water plays on life on Earth, the definition of a habitable planet is tied to the presence of liquid water. However, as simple as this definition might be, it has strong connections to a variety of complex interdependent processes that need to be unraveled and understood to make predictions on which planets could be habitable. The basic principle is that the surface temperature and pressure of a planet should allow for liquid water. This is determined by the amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the star, and the response of the planet's atmosphere. The latter delicately depends on the composition of the planet, and that in turn determines the heat transport mechanism, cloud presence, and many other atmospheric properties
The irradiation from the star is contingent on the type of the star and the planet's orbital parameters. The atmospheric composition, on the other hand, depends on the in-gassing, out-gassing, ad escape histories of the planet. The in-gassing and out-gassing accounts are intrinsically connected to the interior dynamics of the planet, while atmospheric escape is related to a variety of thermal and non-thermal processes, which themselves are linked to the presence of a magnetic field. It is not clear how delicate the balance between these different processes could be. Nor is it evident if there are different pathways that could yield a habitable planet. However, the fact that Earth has succeeded in developing life indicates that our planet might have followed one, perhaps of many evolutionary paths that resulted naturally in a complex system by the series of steps and bifurcations that it encountered. It is important to note that the complexity and interdependence of these processes cannot be taken as evidence for the uniqueness of life on Earth. The road ahead is to understand which planetary characteristics are indispensable, which are facilitating, and which are a byproduct of evolution. For that purpose, and in order to assess the possibility that a planet (e.g, a super-Earth) may be habitable, a deep understanding of these processes (i.e, interior composition and dynamics, planet's magnetic field, and atmospheric characteristics) is required.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The author suggests that the “amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the star” is affected by the
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The author would most likely agree with which statement about liquid water?
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The author's reference to “different pathways” primarily serves to
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Tea is rich in compounds called polyphenols, which are similar to certain compounds known to help prevent cancer. Among people in Japan, those who drink over ten cups of tea per day have lower rates of stomach cancer than others. On average, people in Japan drink much more tea than people in the United States and have lower rates of lung cancer. It is therefore likely that polyphenols also help prevent cancer.
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Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument?
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In 1776, the state of New Jersey adopted a constitution that ignored gender in its suffrage clause, defining voters simply as adult residents worth at least fifty pounds. After 1776 women routinely participated in the state's electoral process, until, in 1801, the state legislature passed a law redefining voters solely as adult White male taxpaying citizens. Political historians have been perplexed by New Jersey's deviation from the established norm of exclusive male suffrage, finding no sign of public agitation either for or against the voting rights of women prior to their enfranchisement in 1776 or disenfranchisement in 1801. Consequently historians, downplaying the extent to which suffrage as the result of careless constitutional construction and viewed the 1801 disenfranchisement as a legislative effort to remedy this carelessness. Yet examination of revolutionary-era manuscripts indicates that the 1776 suffrage clause underwent close legislative scrutiny that led to several significant changes, thus, the absence of gender references in the final version was probably not accidental. Indeed, the evidence suggests that New Jersey's legislators believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote. However, they also saw the net worth qualification as serving to prevent an overdemocratization of the voting process.
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The author of the passage takes the “significant changes” to be an indication of which of the following?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage?
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The author of the passage suggests that if there had been public agitation regarding voting rights for women in New Jersey prior to 1776, then this agitation would have
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After Henry IV usurped the English throne from Richard ll in 1399, evidence suggests the new king censored records that portrayed the new regime unfavorably. While no censorship orders are preserved, one chronicler mentions that Henry ordered all chronicles inspected. That not a single English chronicle is critical of the coup is a pretty good indication that Henry suppressed any hostile material. Moreover, the single voice with which the English chronicles praise Henry and defame Richard after 1399 is challenged by the contrary version of events recorded in the French chronicles. For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this discrepancy was attributed to French Anglophobia, but the accuracy and value of the French chronicles has now been reappraised.
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It can be inferred from the passage that many historians in the nineteenth century believed that the French chroniclers
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