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When aspirin relieves pain, it does so partly by blocking the body's output of prostaglandins. chemicals that can produce inflammation and pain in the joints. Unfortunately, prostaglandins also produce a coating that protects the stomach from stomach acid, so taking aspirin can cause stomach upset. A recently developed medication promises to relieve pain without blocking prostaglandin production. Therefore, if this promise is fulfilled, the new medication will relieve pain without causing stomach upset.
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The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
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While Tlingit and other Native American place names have shown remarkable endurance, they are in fact fragile linguistic artifacts, surviving primarily among elders and within localized areas. Unlike other widely shared domains of knowledge, such as plant and animal terms, place name knowledge tends to be highly Localized. To learn the Tlingit geography of Glacier Bay
we cannot ask just any Tlingit speaker, rather, we must consult those whose familial origins are in Glacier Bay and who have experienced the landscape firsthand and through the stories told by their ancestors. These place names are worth preserving: because concepts of place and being are intimately linked, place names are not simply linguistic artifacts; they are cultural resources.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the
highlighted sentence?
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Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the stories told by the Glacier Bay ancestors of
certain present-day Tlingit speakers?
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The passage indicates that, historically, peoples who engaged in agriculture
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
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Nineteenth-century historian Jacob Burckhardt's remarkable assertion that "women stood on a footing of perfect equality with men" in sixteenth-century Italy resulted from his close identification with the early humanists a small, elite group in Renaissance Italy. Ironically, as Margaret King has shown, humanist texts actually reflect inequalities between men and women, one example is the programs of study recommended for girls. A pedagogic imperative like Leonardo Bruni' s that women should study the liberal arts as men did with the exception of rhetoric, which "lies wholly outside the province of women" - went unnoticed by Burckhardt because he shared the humanist assumption that women's province was the private sphere rather than the public sphere. The relegation of women to a "private"sphere was a complex historical phenomenon that should be analyzed in light of other social and economic changes occurring during the Renaissance. Historians desirous of understanding women's experience cannot view the period, as Burckhardt did, through the lens provided by the humanists.
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It can be inferred from the passage that Leonardo Bruni most likely believed which of the following?
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Which of the following is a crticism the author of the passage makes of Burckhardt's work?
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Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the position taken by the author of the passage regarding Burckhardt's evaluation of historical evidence?
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Early archaeologists studying prehistoric Mesoamerica applied the term “Olmec” to various artifacts of unknown provenance exhibiting an art style distinct from previously known styles of central Mexican cultures. Later, mid-twentieth-century archaeologists began excavating sites in Mexico' s Gulf Coast lowlands, where monumental sculptures with attributes of this distinct style were discovered. Consequently, the Gulf Coast region was identified as the Olmec civilization's homeland. Thereafter, artifacts exhibiting this style from anywhere beyond the Gulf Coast have been assumed to represent Olmec influence. Although artifact dating is often problematic, Olmec-style objects from outside the homeland are often judged to be either contemporary with Olmec civilization or derived from it. Therefore, some objects are assumed to reflect Olmec origins for cultural developments in areas outside the Gulf Coast.
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The author mentions "artifact dating" primarily to
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The information given, if accurate, provides the strongest justification for which of the following caims?
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It can be inferred from the passage that the "Olmec-style objects"
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The late zoologist Sidnie Manton acknowledged that arthropods-animals with jointed exoskeletons, such as flies, crabs, and spiders-are all descended from soft- bodied segmented worms. Yet he maintained that differences in limb form, musculature, and embryonic development indicate that these three arthropod groups insects, crustaceans, and chelicerates, respectively evolved independently from worms rather than from a common arthropod ancestor. Consequently, according to Manton, shared characteristics such as a jointed exoskeleton and large compound eyes represent cases of convergent evolution-similar yet independent developments in these organisms. But if they evolved convergently, then one would expect significant differences in the neurological systems supporting sight. In fact, however, many nerve cells play virtually identical roles in supporting complex visual responses in both insects and crustaceans, suggesting that their common ancestor already possessed highly developed eyes, and therefore was probably already an arthropod. Yet the compound eyes of chelicerates differ neurologically from those of insects and crustaceans, suggesting that the eyes of chelicerates did evolve independently and providing partial confirmation of Manton's views.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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