This passage is excerpted from the introduction to an article.
Research shows that maximizers -people who always aim to make the best possible choice-are less happy compared to satisficers- people who aim to make a choice that is 'good enough'. Paradoxically maximizers achieve better outcomes and make objectively better decisions than satisficers, yet, they experience these outcomes as worse subjectively. As an example, lyengar found graduating seniors with maximizing tendencies accepted job offers with average yearly salaries upwards of more than $7400 compared to graduating seniors with satisficing tendencies. Nevertheless,the maximizing seniors experienced greater negative affect concerning the jobs they accepted compared to their satisficing counterparts. Why? Regret high expectations, and opportunity costs have been proffered as likely explanations: because maximizers strive toward the goal of deliberating every available alternative (e.g. applying to many jobs), they eventually become daunted as the number of alternatives increases Overwhelmed by alternatives, maximizers anticipate regretting forgone opportunities and languish over unmet expectations; ultimately this leads maximizers to experience apprehension about choosing and less satisfaction after doing so.
In this paper, l propose there is something inherent in maximizers causing them to take little satisfaction in their decisions. Because of the effort maximizers exert in making a choice-by investigating and pursuing multiple alternatives-they maximize their chances for a positive outcome (e.g. obtaining a good job offer) but in doing so,they also maximize their chances for a negative outcome (e.g.experiencing a rejection in the process of searching for a job).
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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According to the passage, compared to satisficers, maximizers are less likely to
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The author suggests which of the following about maximizers?
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Watson and Kennedy cite ethnohistoric documentation regarding Native American women's primary involvement in horticulture and plant collecting in the Eastern Woodlands during the Mississippian period (A.D.900-1500) as evidence supporting the idea that women were involved in plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands. In light of this evidence as well as data from other cultures showing that women generally have primary responsibility for plant-food production in small-scale societies. Watson and Kennedy find it surprising that women are absent from archaeologists' explanations for the origins of horticulture in the region. They attribute this absence to the faulty assumption that women are not cultural innovators. They challenge Smith's explanation of indigenous plant domestication for the way it removes intention and innovation from the scenario such that the plants "virtually domesticate themselves." They also challenge Prentice's theory that male shamans were responsible for domesticating gourds because Prentice's scenario removes women from the one realm traditionally granted them, plant-food production, as soon as innovation or intervention enters the picture. In addition, [hl:1]they challenge the idea[/hl:1] that after maize was introduced to northern latitudes it slowly and independently adapted to the new growing conditions. Instead, they argue that the rapid spread of maize after A.D.900 suggests that women farmers had been actively nurturing the species, for example, by crossing varieties to create,enhance, or suppress traits.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The challenge referred to in the highlighted material pertains primarily to which of the following?
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It can be inferred from the passage that Watson and Kennedy base their view about women's involvement in plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands in part on
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Important historical differences between Europe and North America may explain why many European migratory songbirds, in contrast to North American migratory songbirds, thrive in forest habitats fragmented by human activity. First,the Pleistocene glaciations may have been more severe in Europe than in North America. Virtually all Europe's forests were erased during the most recent Ice Age. Any European songbirds dependent upon large,intact blocks of forest were unlikely to survive. In the southern part of North America, however some forests managed to persist through the coldest times, to the advantage of some forest-dwelling songbirds. Second, European forests were being abused by humans for thousands of years before the North American forests were. Consequently, European birds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated landscape.
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According to the passage, which of the following is true about today's European migratory songbirds?
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In the author's argument, the observation made in the highlighted portion of the passage primarily serves to
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In the Lake Ontario food chain, small fish called alewives are prey for predator fish such as salmon. Any successful effort to reduce pollution in Lake Ontario will also result in a reduced alewife population, but reductions of that population will not, as some have feared, lead to smaller populations of salmon in Lake Ontario, since________.
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Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
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Livestock-grazing programs in arid zones that are based on the equilibrium view of rangelands-that grazing-induced land degradation will occur if livestock numbers exceed the availability of food-have failed. Contrary to the equilibrium view, traditional pastoral systems of land use are more appropriate. Such systems involve a high degree of opportunism to cope with unpredictable rainfall and fluctuating food distribution. Livestock mobility relieves areas of concentration and allows herds to exploit unevenly distributed resources. A strategy of managing multiple livestock species allows optimal use of these variable grazing resources. These approaches to land use are similar to those recommended by [hl:1]nonequilibrium models[/hl:1], which assume that plant dynamics in arid zones are influenced more by rainfall than by grazing.
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According to the passage, the equilibrium view of rangelands is defined in terms of the relationship between
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