For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
The passage suggests that proponents of "nonequilibrium models" would agree with which of the following statements about grazing-induced land degradation in arid zones?
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Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor in southwest England are for many the typical granite landscape: open, treeless, grassy, with abundant rock outcrops including tors (rocky pinnacles)and extensive block and boulder fields. Blanket peats and poor, difficult-to-use soils add to the impression of little human interference. In fact, the granite uplands of southwest England have a long history of human impact, and their present-day landscape contains few natural ingredients other than tors and boulders. The shaping of this land began in Neolithic times, more than 5,000 years ago, but accelerated approximately 4,000 years ago, during the Bronze Age. Neolithic and Bronze Age stone monuments appear to be the main witnesses to human presence, but the land cover is the most impressive legacy of human impact.
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It can be inferred that many people assume which of the following about the landscapes of Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor?
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For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
According to the passage, which of the following factors have contributed to the impression that humans have had little impact on Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor?
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Lichens consist of a fungus and an alga living in symbiotic union. Testing the widely held hypothesis that lichen-forming fungi are a closely knit, peripheral group of fungi, a team of scientists compared DNA sequences from 10 lichen-forming and 65 non-lichen-forming fungus species. These scientists classified the lichen forming fungi into five kinds that were more closely related to kinds of non-lichen-forming fungi than to one another. The closest relatives of the lichen-forming kinds included some fungi that benefit, and others that cause disease to, associated organisms. Therefore, lichen-forming fungi probably evolved from various species whose effects on associated organisms ranged from benign to malignant. Furthermore, lichen-forming fungi seem to have given rise to other fungi that act as [hl:1]harmful parasites on lichens themselves[/hl:1]. These considerations undermine the long-standing hypothesis that symbiotic relationships normally evolve in an orderly progression from those that are harmful to one partner to those that are mutually beneficial.
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The primary concern of the passage is to
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The author refers to "harmful parasites on lichens themselves" in order to
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Which of the following statements about lichen-forming fungi can be inferred from the passage?
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In California's Mojave Desert, archaeologists found two fluted projectile points, one on the surface. one buried, both similar to classic Clovis stone points from the American Plains. They obtained [hl:1]a radiocarbon date of 8,470[/hl:1] years from material associated with the buried point, a date far more recent than the known time range for Clovis points. There are three ways of accounting for this date. First, it is possible that fluted points were in use in this region around 8,470 years ago. Second, this point may somehow have been deposited at the California site long after its creation. Third, the 8,470-year date may be wrong; a second date from the same context providing an age of 4,360 years was rejected by archaeologists as incorrect.
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According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about "a radiocarbon date of 8,470 years"?
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If the second explanation is the only one of the three that is correct, then it can be inferred that
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Eleanor Roosevelt(1884-1962) effectively advocated political causes that were generally liberal. Yet she opposed ensuring women's strict legal equality with men, which was the aim of a proposed equal-rights amendment. Her opposition to an equal-rights amendment was, by her standards, a radical rather than a conservative position. Roosevelt sought fundamental changes to improve conditions for the poor, especially women and children, but saw women as distinct for men in their biological and social roles. She believed that the enactment of special legislation to protect women from exploitation in the workplace, legislation that would be prohibited by an equal-rights amendment, was necessary for women's welfare and might ultimately pave the way for protection of male workers as well.
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It can be inferred that Eleanor Roosevelt's opposition to an equal rights amendment was based in part on
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It can be inferred from the passage that supporters of an equal-rights amendment would have disagreed with Eleanor Roosevelt about
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The "ready-made" artworks of twentieth-century artist Marcel Duchamp culminate a tradition, beginning with such paintings as Courbet' s Funeral at Ornans (1849), whereby artists sought to modify viewers' habitual perceptions of art by making viewers conscious of the academic conventions of those artworks. In Funeral at Ornans, Courbet used techniques associated with sign painters rather than with academically trained artists and based his work' s composition on that of an illustration from a political pamphlet rather than that of an academic artwork. In A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (1881-1882), Manet, defying the conventions of academic painting, also obliges viewers to examine their expectations, but he did so by using two perspectives instead of one and a technique reminiscent of that used to produce lithographed wine-bottle labels. Duchamp, by treating ordinary, mass-produced (ready-made) items such as a bicycle wheel as art objects, proposed that things become art by being put into places where one expects to find art, namely museums, which is to say that their identity as art is entirely a matter of convention.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The passage suggests that which of the following is true of most nineteenth-century paintings before Manet' s A Bar at the Folies-Bergère ?
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The author of the passage suggests that Courbet hoped that Funeral at Ornans would have which of the following effects on viewers?
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Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument given?
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