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Spanish documents concerning the Southwestern United States show that after A.D. 1600, the Apache, Athapaskan-speaking Native Americans, inhabited Southwestern locations in sizable numbers. [hl:3]Traditional interpretations[/hl:3] of the rapid spread of these Athapaskan speakers across this region during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries assume that Apaches moved into largely unoccupied territory. However, existing data fail to confirm that the Apache were actually moving across this territory in the large numbers suggested by post-1600 Spanish documents. An explanation for this [hl:2]discrepancy[/hl:2] may lie in sixteenth-century Spanish expeditionary narratives that, despite their uneven quality and tendency to exaggerate, generally suggest that much of the Southwest was inhabited by non-Athapaskan speaking, mobile hunter-gatherer Native American groups who had once been sedentary pueblo-dwellers. If Athapaskan speakers such as the Apache routinely assimilated indigenous hunter-gatherer populations, as they did during the seventeenth century in the La Junta region, then the large number of people that the post-1600 Spanish documents identified as Apache may actually include indigenous groups who were assimilated by the Apache.
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The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about the spread of the Athapaskan language across the Southwest in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
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The "discrepancy" refers to the
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The author of the passage suggests which of the following about the "traditional interpretations" ?
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Blood and Wolfe' s relative resources theory has been cited as an explanation for the well-documented finding that women have typically performed and continue to perform far more domestic labor in their households than men do. This theory holds that power in a family accrues to the spouse contributing the most resources to the household. Such power can be used to withdraw from monotonous housework. Where husbands specialize in income generation, while wives work part-time or are unpaid homemakers, the theory might explain the domestic division of labor. Yet Atkins and Boles found that wives who earn more than their husbands often do most of the domestic labor in their households, and Brayfield found that women whose husbands are unemployed also do most of the housework.
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The findings of Atkins and Boles suggest which of the following?
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It can be inferred from the passage that the relative resources theory would predict which of the following?
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In his essay "Classical Jazz and the Black Arts Movement," Lorenzo Thomas argues that the Black Arts movement of the 1960s grew out of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, during which African American artists produced work consciously grounded in their cultural heritage. Both movements hoped to advance African Americans' social position through cultural expression. Yet Black Arts movement scholar Larry Neal pronounced the Harlem Renaissance, which produced enduring works in many genres, "essentially a failure." According to Thomas, Neal' s statement reflects a difference in the two movements' political and aesthetic philosophies. Whereas leaders of the Harlem Renaissance championed the cause of African Americans by demonstrating their achievements in "high art" as defined by European tradition, the Black Arts movement' s leaders celebrated an African American aesthetic conceived as openly oppositional to that tradition. This is evident in the status held by jazz within the two movements. Commentators of the Harlem Renaissance cited, as evidence of the sophistication of jazz, the adaptation of jazz elements by European classical composers such as Antonin Dvorák. Some hoped that jazz musicians themselves would develop jazz into forms resembling European orchestral music. By contrast, asserts Thomas, Black Arts movement participants celebrated jazz as a musical form grounded in African Americans' historical experience that could not be evaluated using European aesthetic values.
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The author of the passage introduces the subject of jazz primarily in order to
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It can be inferred from the passage that, according to Thomas, the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance would probably agree with which of the following statements about the European artistic tradition?
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It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the Black Arts movement did not view jazz in the same way as the commentators of the Harlem Renaissance primarily because proponents of the Black Arts movement
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This passage is adapted from material published in 1996.
Hip-hop music has emerged as a powerful African American cultural form addressing a broad spectrum of social issues. Yet hip-hop' s breadth is belied by hip-hop criticism, which has focused primarily on controversies about the antisocial content of some of its lyrics. Such discussions have almost preempted more sophisticated critical analysis. For example, little has been written about hip-hop' s relationship to its artistic precursors. Critics might examine parallels between hip-hop and the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s. Both movements produced art expressing the alienation felt by many African Americans. Furthermore, like the Black Arts Movement, hip-hop artists have collided with the profit-oriented nature of institutions of cultural production. Black artists continue to face restrictive conventions that the writers Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes faced in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s: commercial publishers' tendency to favor particular themes, subjects, or treatments for Black artists' work. The Black Arts Movement dealt with this dilemma by seeking outlets for autonomous cultural production, including theater companies and publishing houses. Hip-hop is similarly threatened by mainstream commercialism. As Palmer notes, many commercialized hip-hop lyrics are light and innocuous. Committed hip-hop artists have therefore sought out alternatives to mainstream commercial venues.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The passage suggests which of the following about "committed hip-hop artists" ?
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At first glance, the place of Henry James among Modernist writers remains somewhat problematic. His dozen or more novels and scores of short stories obey the classic rules. Unlike Modernist novels, whose focus on characters' inner lives provoked critics' complaints that "nothing happens," James' s plots move forward at a relentless pace, with denouements occurring where convention has put them, at the end. Their dialogue, if at times high-flown, is naturalistic; their author appears as an all-knowing presence. Despite these literary orthodoxies, though, James' s works, especially his late novels, show something amazingly new and unexpected. His explorations of consciousness shy at no complexity and lend his otherwise conventional novels the focus on interiority that characterizes the Modernist project in fiction.
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The passage suggests that compared to Modernist novels, novels by Henry James tend to
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It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following claims about James' s fiction?(Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.）
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Typical of Argentine melodrama of the 1930s were the films starring Libertad Lamarque, the genre's biggest box-office attraction. Her most frequent role was that of the tango singer whose romance with a wealthy suitor is blocked by his elitist family. Despite its widespread social acceptance by the 1930s, tango continued to be associated in film melodramas with criminality and vice. As Diana Paladino remarks, in these films, "the tango songstress was doomed from the start." Nevertheless, if melodramatic logic dictated that Lamarque be punished for the transgressive act of singing tango, surely that judgment was not shared by the members of the audience, many of whom were drawn to her early movies precisely because of her fame as a tango singer.
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Which of the following claims about Lamarque can be inferred from the passage?
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According to the author of the passage, which of the following is true about the tango?
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