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题目材料：
Ethnographers have debated whether early-sixteenth-century feasts on the Indonesian island of Nias represented what Beatty refers to as "challenge" feasts. In a competitive or challenge feast, a primary goal was to achieve political domination through an ever-escalating cycle of feasting one-upmanship and public displays of generosity/hostility toward rival chiefs, surpassing the abilities of political rivals to amass, display, distribute and, in some cases, destroy property. Numerous ethnographers cite the massive pig slaughters and ostentatious gifts of gold ornamentation as evidence of the strongly competitive ethos of Nias feasts. However, other ethnographers claim that overtly antagonistic feasts were historically rare in Nias society, that most feasts had a highly reciprocal ethos in which enhanced status was transitory, and that social merit and political legitimacy were gained only slowly over the course of an individual's lifetime of ceremonial exchanges.
Some of the contention derives from a lack of clarity in distinguishing feasts in which the social merit transacted is transitory and reciprocal from those in which the aim is to accumulate permanent wealth and long-term, inheritable political power. Feasts that confer social merit but are not overtly competitive occur in cycles of balanced reciprocity, in which surplus accumulation and status enhancement for any individual or kin group are transitory and eventually negated through the necessity of reciprocal exchanges with partners in the feasting cycle. ln competitive feasts, there is an escalation of labor mobilization and of the surplus that is needed to finance future feasts, with the aim of translating feasting success into long-term political power and economic profit.
Some of the contention derives from a lack of clarity in distinguishing feasts in which the social merit transacted is transitory and reciprocal from those in which the aim is to accumulate permanent wealth and long-term, inheritable political power. Feasts that confer social merit but are not overtly competitive occur in cycles of balanced reciprocity, in which surplus accumulation and status enhancement for any individual or kin group are transitory and eventually negated through the necessity of reciprocal exchanges with partners in the feasting cycle. ln competitive feasts, there is an escalation of labor mobilization and of the surplus that is needed to finance future feasts, with the aim of translating feasting success into long-term political power and economic profit.
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