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Although it is a well-established fact that people are often biased, the nature of this bias is unclear. The crucial issue boils down to whether or not people detect that they are biased. Sound reasoning requires that people monitor their intuitions [the basis for many biases] for conflict with more logical considerations. According to one view, people would be very bad at this monitoring. Because of lax monitoring, people would simply not detect that their intuitions are invalid. However, others have argued that there is nothing wrong with the detection process. They claim that people have little trouble detecting that their intuitions are not fully warranted; the problem, according to this view, is that these intuitions are so tempting that people fail to discard them. Clarifying the efficiency of the conflict detection process and the resulting nature of the heuristic [intuitive] bias is crucial for the study of human thinking. Recently, De Neys, Vartanian, and Goel tried to decide between the alternative views by monitoring the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a neural region associated with conflict detection, during reasoning.They observed that the neural conflict region was activated when people gave biased responses. This finding provided some preliminary support for the idea that people detect that they are biased. However, settling the debate requires further validation and characterization of the detection process.

Which of the following hypothetical situations best illustrates the view held by the "others" mentioned in the highlighted portion of the passage?

A.A citizen learns that a mayoral candidate she had supported strongly is promoting a development project the citizen opposes but in spite of her conflicted feelings, she votes for the candidate because of his good record on other issues.
B.A consumer who has always trusted the vehicles produced by a particular automaker because the automaker's main plant provides many local jobs feels conflicted about buying another vehicle from the auto maker after learning of safety problems with its recent line of cars.
C.A driver headed for a particular destination assumes that the less direct of two possible routes will be faster than a more direct route when she learns that the traffic is denser on the more direct route.
D.A consumer learns that the formula of an inexpensive generic brand of dish soap is identical to his preferred, more costly name brand and must therefore be as effective but continues to purchase the name brand because he feels that it will clean dishes better.
E.An employer who has always been pleased with employees that have graduated from a particular university continues to hire graduates from that university, even after learning about recent reports of declining academic standards at the institution.

D显示答案

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