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Origin, distribution, and habitat are included in the book for some but not all of the plants; offering this information for each species would have given readers a clearer appreciation of the differences between _____ and introduced species.
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Until the French Revolution of 1789 and the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, chemistry in European universities had generally led a marginal existence. Most university teachers of chemistry were there to provide a service for students of medicine and pharmacy. The number of significant research chemists could be reckoned as a few dozen internationally, and, with the partial exceptions of France and Germany, it made little or no sense to talk about national chemical communities. There were distinguished professors, for example, Hermann Boerhaave in the Netherlands at the beginning of the eighteenth century and Joseph Black in Edinburgh at the end of that century. For the most part, however, university chairs in chemistry were few and had little prestige. Chemistry, unlike medicine, did not constitute a profession in its own right.
There were industries that were based on the application of chemistry, but most of these depended on a traditional mixture of ingredients: entrepreneurial skill, recipes that had been found to work, and the tactile expertise of the practitioner rather than the theoretical insights of the academic chemist. Chemists were of course engaged in practical applications of their science. In the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, members of the Academy functioned in part as a scientific civil service and bent their energies to solving problems of water quality, street lighting, sewage disposal, and more. The French Enlightenment`s great Encyclopedia was directly concerned with learning from the practice of artisans, and thereby both enriching theoretical understanding and improving craft and industrial practice. Joseph Black advised the masters of ironworks, Swedish chemists became expert mineralogists and consultants to the mining industry, and military chemists worked in many nations on the improvement of gunpowder. But in every one of these cases, chemistry was a tool, a servant not a master, in the view of patrons and the public if not in the view of the chemists themselves.
Chemistry lacked prestige, and chemists often worked in isolation, with little recognition from the wider community of science. Newtonian physics and astronomy were the model sciences for the eighteenth century. Many shared the great eighteenth-century philosopher Immanuel Kant`s view that chemistry was incapable of becoming a science and could never be more than a kind of systematic natural history, an organized compilation of facts derived from experiment and observation. Chemistry---socially, professionally, economically, and scientifically---was a poor relative in the hierarchical family of the sciences.
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Although there is an incredible diversity of microbes across the body of each individual, the fact that specific body sites tend to host a few specific bacteria indicates that the body`s microflora are not _____ distributed.
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The author mentions Hermann Boerhaave as a
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Which of the following statements about chemistry in eighteenth century universities can be inferred from the passage?
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According to the second paragraph, chemistry tended to be regarded as
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Some ambitious lawyers are willing to work on Supreme Court cases without charge in an effort to gain _____; they believe that this increased cachet will help them succeed in the future.
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Regarding the chemists who were "engaged in practical applications of their science", it can be inferred from the passage that in some cases they
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The Musical Dice Game was published under the name of Mozart, the renowned composer, shortly after his death in 1791. The Dice Game consists of 176 numbered musical fragments, each three beats long, and instructions on how to compose short waltzes by ordering selected fragments according to the throw of the dice. Some music historians contend that the Dice Game was not authored by Mozart, correctly asserting that Mozart did not need to rely on such a system to compose music, but their view that Mozart was too creative to have used such a device is inappropriately based on a nineteenth-century Romantic concept of composers. In fact, Mozart loved puzzles and games, and equivalent fragments exist in his own handwriting. Moreover, countless music professionals contemporary with Mozart explored and promulgated new compositional methods. Indeed, nearly every prominent composer of Mozart`s day created a dice game. The triviality of the music produced by the Dice Game, however, strongly suggests that someone other than Mozart authored the game, basing it loosely on fragments discarded by Mozart.
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The author mentions which of the following as evidence tending to undermine the claim that Mozart was the author of The Musical Dice Game?
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Which of the following statements about Mozart and The musical Dice Game is most consistent with the view expressed by the author of the passage?
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The author's unfortunate predilection for mannered turns of phrase and complicated metaphors had a tendency to _____ her work's straightforward themes.
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The author of the passage suggests that the view of the "music historians" concerning Mozart`s authorship of the game published under his name is based on
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Availability and management of water greatly influenced human settlement in the Maya Lowlands, and much of Mayan social innovation was centered on storing excess water for times of need. In northern Yucatan the permanent water table is sufficiently shallow that it can be accessed by natural wells known as cenotes. However, over much of the Maya Lowlands, the water table is too deep to have been available to the Maya. In response, they constructed artificial reservoirs to trap runoff. For example, Gallopin estimates that the reservoirs at Tikal (an ancient Mayan city) could have provided for the domestic needs of about 9,600 people for a period of 6 to 18 months. Even with elaborate water capture and management systems, the Maya were greatly dependent upon adequate rainfall over much of their empire and were thus susceptible to frequent or prolonged droughts that approached or exceeded the capacity of their reservoirs. In fact, evidence of droughts in the region based on studies of lake and shallow ocean sediments has led many researchers to suspect that climate was responsible for the Classic Maya collapse.
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The author mentions "studies of lake and shallow ocean sediments" primarily in order to
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The councilman was a highly respected, even (i)_____ member of society, so when he was accused of fraud, people were (ii)_____.
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The passage suggests which of the following about the reservoirs at Tikal?
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Leo Tolstoy wrote many works of nonfiction and professed (i)_____ these explorations of ethics and religion compared with his novels and short stories. The fiction writer in him, however, was hard to (ii)_____. Handi Murdd is a short novel with the breadth and power of an epic, with vivid characterization and intense storytelling that sweep the reader away. While the reader senses the moral concerns of the tale's creator, the novel is a far cry from the (iii)_____ of Tolstoy's nonfiction.
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The passage suggests which of the following about cenotes?
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A team of researchers has claimed that by drilling below the Earth`s surface, they have been able to recover microorganisms that inhabit depths where it was previously thought that no life existed. Although other microorganisms that were at first thought to have been recovered from these depths were later determined merely to have come from surface soil, that cannot be so in this case, because________.
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