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According to the passage, Loomis' clock experiment accomplished which of the following?
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The shop-floor struggles and wildcat strikes of United States auto workers during the Second World War have received a substantial amount of scholarly attention in recent years. Once dismissed by labor historians as little more than the undisciplined behavior of workers unwilling to abide by union rules, this wartime militancy has been portrayed recently as playing a significant role in an extended conflict with management over distribution of power in the factory.
The revisionist historians who subscribe to this recent view have argued that auto workers, under the direction of militant shop stewards, took advantage of wartime conditions to extend workers` degree of control of the shop floor. Although often devoid of overt political content workers' wartime job actions, according to this view, had the potential to reshape the politics and power structure of the American factory, challenging the centralized, highly bureaucratic union organization and giving workers a more direct voice in determining shop-floor policy. These actions thus created the possibility, according to historian Nelson Lichtenstein, "for a decentralized system of postwar industrial relations in the auto industry." But this potential for change, this argument continues, was undercut by a number of forces. One of these forces-the government`s patriotic wartime rhetoric, which presented a vision of a unified America in which those from different classes came together in a common effort-undermined the auto workers' sense of class aggrievement. This government propaganda, according to this view, made it all but impossible for the workers to frame their conflicts with management as a class struggle, depriving their job
actions of a potential source of ideological legitimacy.
The historical evidence, however, suggests a substantially different interpretation, both of workers' motivation for militancy and of the role that patriotic rhetoric played in their struggle. Undoubtedly, there were shop-floor activists who hoped that the workers' job actions could be transformed into a broader struggle against management and union policies. A good deal of evidence indicates, however, that for workers, the factory-level conflicts of the Second world war were generally defensive maneuvers, designed not to extend the boundaries of worker control but rather to prevent erosion of workers nights that had been recently won in prewar union actions but were now threatened by union leaderships wartime no-strike policy. Moreover, the patriotic rhetoric of the period, far from undercutting that defense, actually served as a tool to legitimize workers' reaction to managements pressure. Specifically, many workers. framed their conflicts with management over their newly won right such as seniority and grievance procedures, as a struggle to secure their basic rights as Americans--nights of self-government and freedom from tyranny By employing this patriotic rhetorical tradition, the workers were able to imbue their newly won rights with a profound ideological legitimacy. These newly won rights were not simply the result of union power, the auto workers' patriotic rhetoric implied. They were, rather, a natural extension of the auto workers` birthright as Americans.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The passage suggests that the labor historians viewed the wartime militancy of auto workers as
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The author quotes Nelson Lichtenstein primarily in order to
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It can be inferred from the passage that the “revisionist historians” believe that the government's patriotic wartime rhetoric influenced labor-management conflicts in the auto industry by
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People who suffer a heart attack on an airplane are at particular risk because of the relatively long time it takes to get them to a hospital. Last year Minerva Airlines trained its cabin crews in the use of on-board defibrillators to restart the heart. Since then the survival rate for passengers who suffer heart attacks on Minerva flights has increased. Even so, the training might not have contributed to this increase because ________________.
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Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
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While Gayl Jones's fiction has received significant critical attention, her comparably quiet, yet formidable, corpus of poetry has been virtually ignored by scholars. Significantly, Jones's first a publication appeared in verse, and her literary production from 1969 through the early 1980s includes nearly as many poems as short stories, betraying a formative and consistent involvement with poetry. Jones's lack of critical recognition as a poet is at least partially traceable to her documented ambivalence regarding genre boundaries and artistic identity: "I've never really considered myself a poet. I've written what I call poetry but I've always thought of myself as primarily a fiction writer and so I write poetry from the viewpoint and interest of a storyteller." Consistent with this self-conceptualization, Jones's critical observations regarding the work of other poets often focus on techniques traditionally associated with fiction writing: narrative and its rendering usually appear to outweigh the various poetic conventions of prosody and form. While reviewing the work of Sterling Brown, Jones provides a checklist of what chiefly attracts her in poetry: characterization and narrative voice are foregrounded, accompanied by such structural concerns of fiction as dramatic forms and scenes, all of which combine to reveal a sensibility interested primarily in formulating a poetics of effective storytelling.
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According to the passage, the “checklist" provides a record of which of the following?
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Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the nature of Jones's poetry?
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The passage suggests which of the following regarding critics of Jones's work?
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The gender and class associations of handicrafts altered by the middle of the nineteenth century. During the eighteenth century, crafts such as embroidery, drizzling [unraveling and rewinding of metallic threads from brocades], and collage had been prized for their aristocratic associations and practiced by men as well as women. But in the early nineteenth century, handicraft became coded as a woman's hobby specifically, and it was increasingly identified with a middle-class sensibility, as a thrifty, skillful mode of domestic management. This does not mean handicraft was limited to the middle class, on the contrary, needlework continued to be popular with upper-class women, while domestic ornamentation was prized even by the very poor. But it means that handicraft now signified the moral, managerial virtues of the bourgeoisie, not just aristocratic leisure, and that members of other classes were emulating these middle-class ideals when they did craftwork. In the nineteenth century, when high-art venues were largely closed off to women, they channeled their creative urges into the world around them, using the elements most readily available. This kind of domestic decoration was also sanctioned because it added to the comforts of the home, whereas more ambitious high art was condemned as a selfish use of time taken away from the family.
Indeed, by the mid-nineteenth century, the handicraft's most visible and urgent function was to signify womanhood. Craft items were made by the home's female inhabitant and thus appeared to be an extension of her body, as well as carrying the signs of her taste and skill. The woman's hands had held it, her mind had planned it, her eyes had gauged it, and she had communicated something of her intangible subjectivity to the completed object. For the Victorians, then, women were ensconced in a cocoon of items of their own manufacture, representing otherwise invisible aspects of their identity. This is the image behind Ruskin's famous claim that "wherever a true wife comes, this home is always around her." The craft was frequently described as "pretty" or "elegant," qualities that elided the object with its maker's own body. The craft was the woman's home skills made concrete, a tangible trace of her household labor that was all the more valuable for having been produced in leisure hours, for it showed that labor was leisure, that she never stopped working to improve the domestic abode.
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The author suggests that during the eighteenth century, the practice of making handicrafts
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The author quotes Ruskin primarily in order to
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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It can be inferred that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following claims about handicraft during the nineteenth century?
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The theory of motivated reasoning suggests that, in legal decisions, different judges will assess the same information differently, depending on their backgrounds and fundamental values. Attitudinalists [theorists who contend that judges' decisions are driven by their own policy preferences] have concurred that their findings on ideological decision making could be explained by the "human reflex" to "convince oneself of the propriety of what one prefers to believe"--motivated reasoning.
Motivated reasoning, however, is subject to "reasonableness constraints". For example, the accuracy of decision making is enhanced when the stakes for the decision are higher, when the decision must be justified, and when the decision will be made public. Such circumstances often apply to judicial decisions. The presence of stronger arguments contrary to preferences reduces the influence of motivations. The limitations of the power of motivated reasoning are apparent from the numerous unanimous opinions of the United States Supreme Court [whose members generally represent a range of ideological predispositions] and other cases in which justices appear to vote contrary to their ideological preferences. One would anticipate that the influence of such motivated reasoning is at its apex when the law is relatively less determinate, which is consistent with the findings of empirical research.
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The author suggests which of the following about motivated reasoning?
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It can be inferred that the author uses the United States Supreme Court to illustrate the argument because of a belief that the
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